1.1 Explain the role and function of network components

Routers are Layer 3 devices that forward data packets between computer networks. They perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet.

Key functions of routers include:

• Connecting multiple networks and forwarding data packets between them
• Determining the best path for data to travel using routing protocols
• Acting as a demarcation point between different network segments
• Providing basic firewall functionality

Routers maintain routing tables that store information about network destinations. When a router receives a packet, it examines the destination IP address and determines the best path for forwarding the packet based on its routing table.

Switches are Layer 2 devices that connect devices within a network (usually a LAN) and use MAC addresses to forward data to the correct destination.

Key functions of switches include:

• Creating a network by connecting multiple devices
• Learning MAC addresses of connected devices
• Forwarding frames only to the specific port where the destination device is connected
• Supporting VLANs to segment a network logically without changing the physical topology

Unlike hubs, which broadcast data to all connected devices, switches use MAC address tables to send data only to the intended recipient, improving network efficiency and security.

Firewalls are network security devices that monitor and filter incoming and outgoing network traffic based on an organization's previously established security policies.

Key functions of firewalls include:

• Establishing a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks
• Filtering traffic based on predefined security rules
• Protecting against unauthorized access attempts
• Logging network traffic for security analysis

Modern firewalls can operate at different layers of the OSI model and can include advanced features like intrusion prevention, application control, and deep packet inspection.

Wireless Access Points (WAPs) are networking devices that allow wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi standards.

Key functions of access points include:

• Providing wireless connectivity to wired networks
• Broadcasting SSIDs (network names)
• Authenticating wireless clients
• Encrypting wireless traffic for security

Access points can operate in different modes, including standalone mode, controller-based mode, and mesh mode, depending on the network requirements.